==[[世卫组织]]的分类==
[[File:FGC Types.svg|thumb|此图显示了不同类型的女性生殖器切割和它们之间的区别的。]] [[File:Type_IV_circumcision.jpg|thumb|300px|女性器切除类型四]] [[File:Labiaplasty.jpg|thumb|300px|一位被割礼的白人女性]]
===类型一===
==流行地区==
[[File:Fgm map.gif|right|thumb|320px|]]
大赦国际估计全世界有1.3亿妇女接受了女性器切除，每年二百万妇女接受性器切除。女性器切除主要流行于非洲，西起塞内加尔，东抵埃塞俄比亚海岸，北达埃及，南至坦桑尼亚。阿拉伯半岛的部分人群中也有此风。此风最甚的国家是埃及，其后依次是苏丹、埃塞俄比亚和马里。埃及近年立法禁止女性器切除。
对全球有多少女性受到外生殖器切割的估计，这一数字在7000万到1亿4000万人之间。在非洲，估计每年有大约300万年轻女子受到这种手段的威胁。 这种习俗还存在于亚洲和中东，甚至在欧洲、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰以及美国的一些移民社区也仍存在，尽管范围较小。
[[联合国儿童基金会]]的研究表明，来自埃及、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、塞内加尔以及苏丹等5个非洲国家的数据显示，在消除[[女性外生殖器]]切割的做法上出现了进步。这种伤害性的习俗在埃及、埃塞俄比亚和苏丹普遍存在，但是在肯尼亚及塞内加尔这种做法仅出现在某些特定人群之中。联合国儿童基金会的研究显示，15到49岁女性的态度发生了深刻的变化。例如，这项研究表明，2000年埃塞俄比亚有60%的女性同意外生殖器切割的做法，而5年以后的调查数据显示，这个百分比 已经下降了一半。与此同时在埃及和苏丹，赞同这种习俗的人数明显减少，而在肯尼亚和塞内加尔，否定这种做法的态度则已经非常普遍了。但是联合国儿童基金会发言人梅尔卡多说，不少家庭不愿意放弃切割[[生殖器]]的传统，因为他们认为这种做法有利于他们女儿。主要原因是，将自己女儿性器切割可以在某种意义上真正为他们的家庭带来经济及社会的安全保障。他们要保证自己的女儿能被社会接受，嫁人和过正常生活。在很多这种习俗通行的文化中，不进行切割，就会受到歧视。<ref></ref>
===文献书目===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2004, February 7). [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543886 Islamic ruling on female circumcision]. Retrieved March 29, 2006.
* Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2004, December 13). [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503548446 Circumcision: Juristic, medical & social perspectives]. Retrieved March 29, 2006.
* Boyle, E. H. (2002). ''Female genital cutting: Cultural conflict in the global community''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7063-7.
* [[Kathy Dettwyler|Dettwyler, Katherine A.]] (1994). ''Dancing skeletons: life and death in West Africa''. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-748-X.
* Ferguson, I and Ellis, P. (1995). ''Female Genital Mutilation: a Review of the Current Literature'' Department of Justice, Canada. [http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/1995/wd95-15a.pdf Working document]
* Gruenbaum, E. (2001). ''The female circumcision controversy''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1746-9.
* Hoffman, B. (2002). ''[http://www.berkeleymedia.com/catalog/berkeleymedia/films/anthropology_world_cultures/african_studies/womanhood_and_circumcision_three_maasai_women_have_their_say Womanhood and Circumcision: Three Maasai women have their say]''. Berkeley: Berkeley Media.
* Hrzán, Daniela. (Re)Discovering FGC: Anthropology, Whiteness, Feminism. In: Tißberger, Martina/ Dietze, Gabriele/ Hrzán, Daniela/ Husmann-Kastein, Jana (eds.). Weiß – Weißsein – Whiteness: Kritische Studien zu Gender und Rassismus/Critical Studies on Gender and Racism. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2006, pp. 113–142.
* Johnson, Michelle C. (2000). Becoming a Muslim, Becoming a person: Female 'circumcision', religious identity, and personhood in Guinea-Bissau. In B. Shell-Duncan & Y. Herlund (Eds.), ''Female circumcision in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change''. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
* Kandela, P. (1995, January). [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/310/6971/12 Egypt sees U turn on female circumcision]. ''British Medical Journal, 310'', 12.
* Kassindja, F. (1998). ''Do they hear you when you cry''. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-38531-832-4.
* Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf (2003). The health consequences of female circumcision: Science, advocacy, and standards of evidence. ''Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 17''(3), 394-412. PMID 12974204.
* Pieters, G., & Lowenfels A. B. (1977). Infibulation in the horn of Africa. ''New York State Journal of Medicine, 77''(5), 729-31. PMID 265433.
* Research papers from medical gynecologists, judges, linguistics, and social scientists on the subject (1994). [[University of Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]. [http://www.umatia.org/papers.htm Umm Atteya Organization website] (Arabic). Retrieved March 29, 2006.
* UNICEF (1999). ''Consultation on the elimination of female genital mutilation: 14 December-16 December 1998''. New York: Author. 40 pp.
* World Health Organization. (1996). ''Female genital mutilation: Report of a WHO Technical Working Group'' (unpublished document [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_FRH_WHD_96.10.pdf WHO/FRH/WHD/96.10]). Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved 2007-02-21.</div>
===出版物===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Sami A. Aldeeb|Aldeeb, Sami]] (2000). Male and Female Circumcision in the Jewish, Christian and Muslim Communities, Religious debate. Beirut, ISBN 1855134063.
*Daw, E. (1970). Female circumcision and infibulation complicating delivery. ''Practitioner, 204''(222), 559-63. .
*Dewhurst, C.J., & Michelson, A. (1964). Infibulation complicating pregnancy. ''British Medical Journal, 2''(5422), 1442. .
*Dirie, Waris (2001). ''Desert Flower''. Autobiography of a Somali woman's journey from nomadic tribal life to a career as a fashion model in London and to the post of special ambassador at the United Nations. Dirie recounts her personal experience with female genital mutilation that began with circumcision at age five.
*Leonard, Lori (2000). We did it for pleasure only: Hearing alternative tales of female circumcision. ''Qualitative Inquiry, 6''(2), 212-228.
*Mernissi, Fatima. ''Beyond the veil: Male-female dynamics in a modern Muslim society''. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub. Co. ISBN 0-470-59613-9.
*Mustafa, Asim Zaki (1966). Female circumcision and infibulation in the Sudan. ''Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 73''(2), 302–306. .
*Robinett, Patricia (2006). ''The rape of innocence: One woman's story of female genital mutilation in the USA''. N.p.: Aesculapius Press. ISBN 1-878411-04-7.</div>
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